A Comprehensive Review on Sources, Types, Impact and Challenges of Air Pollution

1. Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management (AIETSM), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Amity School of Life Science, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Email: bhardwaj.laxmikant@gmail.com (L.K.B.)
*Corresponding author
Manuscript received December 4, 2023; accepted December 25, 2023; published February 6, 2024.

Abstract—Air pollution has been a major environmental issue worldwide from the last few decades. It is a man-made issue that has a serious harmful impact on the environment and the health of humans. There are different sources of emission, but industrial processes and motor vehicles contribute to a chief part of air pollution. It has acute as well as chronic effects on the health of humans and affects different organs. It is thought the main environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of several diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Long-term exposure to air pollution has different toxicological impacts on humans such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, eye irritation, and skin diseases. As per the study by the World Health Organization (WHO), Nitrogen Oxides (NO_x), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O₃), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals are the major air contaminants. These pollutants are different in their properties, composition and time of disintegration. This study aims to review the different sources, types, impacts, challenges and mitigation of air pollution in detail.

Keywords—air pollution, human health, environment, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Nitrogen Oxides (NO_x), Ozone (O₃), Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Cite: Laxmi Kant Bhardwaj, Vinay Vikram Singh, Kuldeep Dwivedi, and Swapnil Rai, "A Comprehensive Review on Sources, Types, Impact and Challenges of Air Pollution," International Journal of Sustainability in Energy and Environment, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 46-50, 2024.

Copyright © 2024 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).